final review continued

*Classification of Joints

· Structural or Functional

· Functional

· Based on degree of movement

· *Synarthrosis – immovable. (tooth)

· *Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable (vertebral discs)

· *Diarthrosis – freely moveable (elbow)

· *Structural named for type of connective tissue (cartilage, fibrous) or if it’s fluid
filled

· Fibrous – Syndesmoses (between radius and ulna). Suture. Gomphoses(root of tooth to mandible)

· Cartilaginous – Synchondroses(hyaline cartilage, ribs to sternum). *Symphysis(fibrocartilage. Vertebral disk).

· Synovial - Most common joint in body. Hyaline cartilage. Filled with synovial
fluid.

· 7 components. Joint Capsule, Synovial membrane, articular cartilage, joint cavity, menisci, ligament, bursa.

· *Types of Synovial joints and be familiar with examples of each

· *Uniaxil – around one axis – hinge or pivot joint

· *Biaxial –around two axes – saddle or condyloid joint

· *multiaxial - around 3 or more axes – ball and socket or gliding joint

*Joint Diseases

· *Osteoarthritis – wear and tear. Rarely bilateral. Not inflammatory

· *Rheumatoid Arthritis – auto immune. Ulnar deviation of fingers. Bilateral

· Nodes of inflammation – Haygarth’s(proximal – rheumatoid), Bouchard(middle – osteo), Heberdens(distal – osteo)

· Juvenile Rheumatoid

· Gout – metabolic. Excess uric acid in blood. Crystals accumulate in synovial fluid. Swollen painful joint.
Most common in big toe. Swollen and very painful called “podagra”. Exacerbated
by purine rich foods.

*Fractures

· Open

· Closed

· Complete

· Incomplete

· Linear

· Transverse

· Oblique

· Greenstick – most common in children

· Dentate – dens

· Hangmans – pedicles of C2

· Jeffersons – ring of C1

*Muscle Fiber

· Membrane = sarcolemma

· Cytoplasm = sarcoplasma

· *sarcoplasmic reticulum: Stores and releases Calcium for muscle contraction

· T- Tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma and allow the electrical impulse to travel deep into the muscle fiber

· Is filled with myofibrils

o Extend lengthways along muscle fiber

o *Made up of thick(myosin) and thin (actin) myofilament proteins

o *Made up of subunits called sarcomeres: contractile unit

o Each sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of the muscle fiber

o With the help of two other proteins (tropomyosin and troponin) the myosin attaches to the actin and pulls the ends of the
sarcomere together to make it shorter. This requires ATP which is the energy
molecule.

o Creatine Phosphate is another energy molecule which quickly helps to restore ATP levels.

o Myoglobin. A molecule like hemoglobin which stores oxygen for muscle use. Makes red muscle fibers used for endurance.

Tropomyosin covers active sites

Ca++ binds to Troponin which causes the shift to move Tropomyosin off of the active sites

Isotonic vs. Isometric

# of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Myelinated vs unmyelinated

CNS Meninges

Autonomic nervous system consists of:

Neurotransmitter in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Dorsal Root Ganglia : sensory, motor or mixed?

Myelinating cells of PNS ?